All Archives
Peptide Science
Brightening
Barrier Repair
24
Active Ingredients
5
Science Series
3
Formula Pages
4
Markets Covered
Ingredient Quick-Reference
pH Window · Effective Concentration · Key Restrictions
⌕
Showing 24 of 24 ingredients
Ingredient
Series
pH Window
Key Restriction
Effective %
→
Ceramide NPCAS 24696-26-2
4.0–7.0
Requires liposomal/lamellar delivery. Insoluble in water — oil phase or pre-formed complex only.
0.2–2.0%
SqualaneOlive-derived
Any
No restriction. Oil phase. Non-comedogenic. Compatible with all systems.
2–10%
Sodium HyaluronateCAS 9067-32-7
4.0–8.0
Avoid NaCl above 1% — causes precipitation. Hydrate in cold water before heating.
0.05–2.0%
D-PanthenolProvitamin B5
4.0–8.5
No major restriction. Can discolour slightly at pH >8.0 or above 80°C. Add to cool-down when possible.
0.5–5.0%
EctoineCAS 96702-03-3 · ≥99%
3.0–8.0
No restriction. Highly stable. Compatible with all systems. Add to cool-down or hot phase.
0.5–2.0%
α-Bisabolol (Natural)CAS 23089-26-1
Any
Oil-soluble. Add Phase A 75°C. Susceptible to oxidation on storage — keep in nitrogen-purged container.
0.1–1.0%
Alpha-ArbutinCAS 84380-01-8
Brightening
3.5–6.5
Hydrolyses to free hydroquinone above pH 7.0. Avoid alkaline actives. EU max 2% face / 0.5% body.
0.5–2.0%
NiacinamideCAS 98-92-0 · ≥99%
Brightening
5.0–7.0
Converts to nicotinic acid above pH 7.0 at elevated temp — flushing risk. Keep pH ≤7.0, avoid >80°C.
2.0–10.0%
3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic AcidCAS 86404-04-8
Brightening
4.5–6.5
Mild reductant — limit ≤2% with GHK-Cu. Not compatible with L-AA. Yellows above pH 6.5.
1.0–3.0%
Tranexamic AcidCAS 1197-18-8
Brightening
5.0–7.0
No restriction. No metal chelation. Compatible with peptides and copper systems. Slightly alkaline — check pH post-addition.
1.0–3.0%
Kojic AcidCAS 501-30-4
Brightening
3.5–5.5
Chelates metals — incompatible with copper systems (GHK-Cu). Turns pink/brown above pH 5.5. EU safety review ongoing.
0.5–2.0%
GlabridinCAS 59870-68-7
Brightening
4.0–7.0
Poorly water-soluble — dissolve in ethanol or PG first. Sensitive to UV; use opaque packaging.
0.1–0.5%
Phenylethyl ResorcinolCAS 85-27-8 · 377
Brightening
4.0–6.5
Oil-soluble — Phase A. Sensitive to oxidation; include antioxidant. Not an SPF-boosting agent.
0.1–0.5%
Ferulic AcidCAS 1135-24-6
Antioxidant
4.5–6.0
Pre-dissolve in PG at 50°C — direct addition causes haze. Limit ≤0.5% with GHK-Cu. Avoid with iron oxides.
0.2–0.5%
ErgothioneineCAS 497-30-3
Antioxidant
3.0–8.0
Thione group — theoretical Cu²⁺ binding. Limit ≤0.5% with GHK-Cu; run 12-week accelerated stability.
0.25–1.0%
Coenzyme Q10Ubiquinone · CAS 303-98-0
Antioxidant
Any
Oil-soluble. Must fully dissolve in CCT at 65°C before emulsification — undissolved creates orange streaks.
0.1–0.5%
Ascorbyl Glucoside (AA2G)CAS 129499-78-1
Antioxidant
5.0–7.0
No reducing activity. Fully compatible with GHK-Cu and all peptide systems. Preferred Vitamin C form for copper peptide co-formulation.
2.0–3.0%
AvobenzoneCAS 70356-09-1
UV Filter
Any (oil)
Requires photostabiliser — degrades up to 80% in 1hr without. Pair with DHHB. EU max 5%, FDA max 3%.
1.0–5.0%
DHHBCAS 154702-15-5
UV Filter
Any (oil)
Not FDA-approved — North America excluded. EU max 10%. Oil-soluble — Phase A only. Dual-function: UVB + Avobenzone photostabiliser.
1.0–10.0%
Zinc Oxide (Nano)CAS 1314-13-2 · 30–80 nm coated
UV Filter
Add ≤50°C
Never add to oil phase at 75°C with Avobenzone. Add Phase C post-emulsification ≤50°C. Raises pH to 7.5–8.5; adjust with Citric Acid.
3.0–25.0%
Acetyl Hexapeptide-830281 · CAS 616204-22-9
Peptides
4.0–7.0
Add below 40°C only. No reducing agents. Avoid positively charged quaternary ammonium polymers.
3.0–10.0%
GHK-CuCopper Tripeptide-1 · CAS 49557-75-7
Peptides
4.5–6.0
Below pH 4.5: Cu²⁺ release. Above pH 6.0: hydrolysis. Incompatible with L-AA, Kojic Acid. EDTA ≤0.05% only. Airless opaque packaging required.
0.5–2.0%
Matrixyl 3000Pal-GHK + Pal-GQPR · CAS 214047-00-4
Peptides
4.0–7.0
Add below 40°C. Compatible with GHK-Cu — palmitoyl modification reduces aqueous copper coordination. No major restriction.
3.0–10.0%
Pro-XylaneCAS 439685-79-7
Peptides
4.0–8.0
No restriction. No metal chelation. Water-soluble. Fully compatible with GHK-Cu. Add to cool-down phase.
1.0–3.0%
MadecassosideCAS 34540-22-2
Peptides
4.0–7.0
Add below 40°C. Slightly hygroscopic — keep sealed. No metal chelation. Compatible with all systems.
0.1–1.0%
Formula Pages
Complete formulations with processing protocols
Antioxidant Series · Formula Page
Antioxidant Defence Serum
Four-layer oxidative defence. Ferulic Acid, Ergothioneine, CoQ10 and α-Bisabolol in a stable O/W system with a Batch Size Calculator.
Ferulic Acid0.5%
Ergothioneine0.5%
CoQ100.3%
α-Bisabolol Natural0.5%
View Formula →
UV Filter Series · Formula Page
SPF 30+ Hybrid Sunscreen
Avobenzone + DHHB + ZnO covering 280–400 nm. Regional compliance checker for EU, GCC, North America and ASEAN.
Avobenzone (UVA I)3.0%
DHHB (UVB + Stabiliser)2.0%
Zinc Oxide Nano5.0%
View Formula →
Anti-Aging Peptides · Formula Page
Anti-Aging Peptide Serum
SNARE inhibition + dermal remodelling. GHK-Cu stability protocol, pH management, and a full peptide co-ingredient compatibility matrix.
Acetyl Hexapeptide-83.0%
GHK-Cu1.0%
Niacinamide3.0%
View Formula →
Regulatory Quick-Check
Key actives · EU · GCC · North America · ASEAN
Ingredient
Max Permitted
Status
Note
UV Filters · Regulation 1223/2009 Annex VI
AvobenzoneCAS 70356-09-1
5%
Approved
Formula uses 3.0% — within limit.
DHHBCAS 154702-15-5
10%
Approved
Formula uses 2.0% — well within limit.
Zinc Oxide (Nano)CAS 1314-13-2
25% face
Approved
Include SCCS nano ZnO 2021 opinion in product safety report (PSR).
Brightening Actives · Annex III
Alpha-Arbutin
2% face
Approved
0.5% body rinse-off only.
Kojic Acid
1% face
Under Review
SCCS ongoing safety assessment — monitor for regulatory update.
Ingredient
GSO Max
Status
Note
SASO GSO 1943 · Aligned with EU Annex VI for UV filters
Avobenzone
5%
Approved
Compliant at 3.0%.
DHHB
10%
Approved
Compliant at 2.0%.
Market-specific requirements
Saudi Arabia (SFDA)
—
Registration
Pre-market registration required — timeline 3–6 months.
Arabic Labelling
—
Mandatory
INCI list and SPF claim must appear in Arabic across all GCC markets.
Ingredient
FDA Max
Status
Note
FDA OTC Monograph 21 CFR Part 352
Avobenzone
3%
Approved
Lower than EU — formula's 3.0% is exactly at FDA limit.
DHHB
Not listed
Not Approved
Must remove for US. Replace with Octinoxate 7.5% + Octocrylene 2.0%. Note: Octinoxate banned in Hawaii and some coastal states.
Zinc Oxide
25%
Approved
Both nano and non-nano permitted under current FDA monograph.
Brightening actives — cosmetic category, no OTC restriction
Alpha-Arbutin
No limit
Approved
Cosmetic ingredient — no OTC monograph restriction in US.
Ingredient
ACD Max
Status
Country Notes
ASEAN Cosmetic Directive (ACD) + country-level verification required
Avobenzone
5%
Approved
All ASEAN markets — aligned with EU Annex VI.
DHHB
10% (most)
Verify
Approved: TH, ID, PH, VN, MY. Verify separately: Singapore HSA approved list not confirmed as of 2026.
Alpha-Arbutin
Varies
Verify
Thailand: 2% face. Singapore: 2% face. Indonesia: notify for whitening claim (BPOM).
GHK-Cu
No limit
Approved
Cosmetic ingredient all ASEAN markets. Standard heavy metals limit applies to finished product copper content.
Research Hub
Tool 01
Onerchem · Formulation Reference
Ingredient Compatibility Checker
Select any two ingredients to check their combined pH window, addition temperature, phase requirements, and formulation constraints.
Select Ingredient A & B
0 / 2 selected
Ingredient A
Click below to select
vs
Ingredient B
Click below to select
Compatible
Caution
Incompatible
Different phases
N/A
Compatibility Result
Select two ingredients
to view analysis
to view analysis
Research Hub
Tool 02
Onerchem · Regulatory Reference
Regulatory Concentration Limits
Maximum permitted concentrations for cosmetic actives across four markets: EU, GCC, North America, and ASEAN. Click any cell for full regulatory notes and claim guidance.
| Ingredient ↕ | Series ↕ | 🇪🇺 EU ↕ | 🇸🇦 GCC ↕ | 🇺🇸 N. America ↕ | 🌏 ASEAN ↕ |
|---|
Research Hub
Tool 03
Onerchem · Formulation Reference
Formula Troubleshooting Guide
Diagnose and fix common formulation problems. Select a problem category, then describe the symptom to receive root causes, step-by-step fixes, and prevention protocols.
Select a problem category
Select a category on the left
then choose a symptom
then choose a symptom
Research Hub · Tool 04
Ingredient Stability Calculator
Select an active and set your formulation conditions. The calculator assesses stability risk across pH, heat, light, oxidation, and compatibility dimensions — and returns targeted recommendations.
Step 1 — Select Ingredient
Step 2 — Formulation Conditions
Formula pH 6.0
pH 3.0pH 8.0
Processing Temp 40°C
20°C90°C
Step 3 — Risk Factors Present
UV / Light Exposure
Open / Air-Exposed Formula
No EDTA Present
AHA Co-Actives
Oxidising Co-Ingredients
--
/100
Formulation Recommendations